Artificial Intelligence Now: ChatGPT + AI Literacy Toolbox: Prompt Literacy

All Text below is authored by and attributed to the University of Michigan from the Prompt Literacy in Academics Guide.

Prompting for Education Purposes

Understand the Capabilities and Limitations of AI    

• AI models, such as GPT-3.5 and 4, are powerful, but they have limitations. At this time, no GenAI technology actually ‘understands’ the thing it’s writing about in the way a human does. ChatGPT doesn’t know what a cup of coffee is, it just uses probability to select the correct words to write extensively about it. Additionally, they can't provide opinions or make value judgments, and they can't access real-time or personal data unless it's included in the prompt.

Learn About the Domain You’ll be Prompting

• As you write your prompts you’ll need an understanding of the topic or domain you're pointing the AI toward. This will help you with many of the following recommendations, but also account for things like hallucinations (outputs that sound plausible, but are incorrect or unrelated) and misinformation. You’ll also be able to give the AI more context and precision in your query. Finally, the more you know about the domain you’re writing for the more likely you’ll know if the output is accurate and of high quality.

Be Specific and Detailed

• By default, AI will give broad and general responses. The more specific and detailed your prompt is, the more useful the AI's response is likely to be. If you're asking the AI to generate text, provide as much context as possible. If you're asking a question, make sure it's clear and unambiguous. Be sure to indicate:
  • The desired goal of your content.
  • The desired language and tone that is appropriate for your audience.
  • The specific format you want for the output.
  • The focus of your theme for the content, e.g. nutrition, history, analytics, engineering.

Minimize Logic ‘Work’

• Going hand-in-hand with the ‘be specific’ advice above, you want to minimize the number of assumptions and logical reasoning the GenAI will need to make on its own to create your content. The tool will have a limited amount of processing resources available. A more detailed prompt that makes each of the AI tasks more bite sized will yield better performance and higher quality output.

Be Creative with your Prompt

• Prompting a GenAI requires a collaborative approach to problem-solving with that AI. To achieve your best results, you should think creatively and use a variety of conversational approaches when developing your prompt. The output you have formulated in your mind likely won’t match what the AI algorithm will produce. Sometimes you’ll need to think/write like an expert negotiator, debater, or sales person to get the output you have in mind.

Use Iterative Refinement

• It is unlikely that you will get a “perfect” response on your first try. Don't be afraid to refine your prompt and try again. You can also use a technique called "iterative refinement," where you provide feedback on the AI's responses and ask it to improve them. Many prompt sessions evolve into lengthy dialogues.

Tailoring to your Audience

• As you evaluate and refine your prompt, make sure the output is appropriate for your audience and adjust as needed. Not only do you need to make sure the content is accurate and makes sense for the topic, but also appropriate for the reader's knowledge level. Don’t be afraid to tell your GenAI who the target audience is, specifically.

Consider Ethical Implications

• Be mindful of the ethical implications of using AI in education. This includes issues like privacy, fairness, and transparency. Always make sure stakeholders understand when and how AI is being used.

Stay Up-to-Date

• AI is a rapidly evolving field. Stay up-to-date with the latest research and developments to understand how to best use AI in your work.

Best Practices

Below you will find a recommended list of best practices that will accelerate your learning and understanding of prompt writing for improved output when working with generative artificial intelligence. This is not an exhaustive list.

Adjustments

• Tone
• Length
• Temperature
• Voice (e.g. enthusiastic, empathetic, optimistic, authoritative...)
• Avoid confusing words that can have multiple meanings, if possible.
• Request alternative or varied output if what’s produced does not meet expectations.

Be Specific

• Instruct GenAI to ask follow-up questions to improve the output or clarify confusion. It's okay to ask the AI if it understands what you're asking.
• When developing for the web/Canvas, instruct it to structure the results in a table/markdown/HTML.
• Provide more details if the output is ambiguous.
• Give examples of what you're looking for.
• To reduce the likelihood of hallucinations (outputs that sound plausible, but are incorrect or unrelated), tell it that it's an expert in the topic you're prompting. For example, "You are an expert in men's fashion design." Other expert role examples include:
  • Copywriter
  • Public Speaker
  • Marketing Strategist
  • UX Designer
  • SEO Expert
  • Programming Tutor
  • Web Development Expert

Setting Boundaries

• Point out any mistakes it makes.
• Tell it what you do and don't like for output.
• Instruct the GenAI to stay on topic.
• Repeat important instructions as necessary.
• Describe what it should and should not write about.

Prompting Tasks

• Use sequential prompting: Break up your prompts by informing it that you'll provide additional input later.
• Have GenAI inform you when it's ready for that input.
• Stop the output and rephrase your query if the output is not what you expect. A common example is "Make it shorter and less formal."
• Request justification as needed. Ask "Why did you write that?"